BCSSS

International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics

2nd Edition, as published by Charles François 2004 Presented by the Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science Vienna for public access.

About

The International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics was first edited and published by the system scientist Charles François in 1997. The online version that is provided here was based on the 2nd edition in 2004. It was uploaded and gifted to the center by ASC president Michael Lissack in 2019; the BCSSS purchased the rights for the re-publication of this volume in 200?. In 2018, the original editor expressed his wish to pass on the stewardship over the maintenance and further development of the encyclopedia to the Bertalanffy Center. In the future, the BCSSS seeks to further develop the encyclopedia by open collaboration within the systems sciences. Until the center has found and been able to implement an adequate technical solution for this, the static website is made accessible for the benefit of public scholarship and education.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

SELECTION (The conditions of natural) 1)2)4)

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The following three conditions seem to be indispensable for natural selection:

-reproduction and multiplication of individuals of a certain type

- non-destructive (non lethal) variations in some of these individuals

-heredity or reproduction of these variations

A supplementary condition seems to be variation in the environment, which may have a positive or negative value for the survival of specific variations within the group.

Variations increases variety (in Ashby's sense) and becomes a favorable factor in a variable environment.

Selection reflects internal and/or external constraints.

Natural selection in species applies to species as wholes, but acts through the relative fitness of individuals, which in turn reflects fitness of their genes.

These concepts are very probably valid in all kinds of societies. In particular, the new emerging field of Artificial Life uses the three processes with the same results as to the "survival" and growth of the colonies of elements in a well defined environment

Categories

  • 1) General information
  • 2) Methodology or model
  • 3) Epistemology, ontology and semantics
  • 4) Human sciences
  • 5) Discipline oriented

Publisher

Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science(2020).

To cite this page, please use the following information:

Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science (2020). Title of the entry. In Charles François (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics (2). Retrieved from www.systemspedia.org/[full/url]

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